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摘 要
在短缺经济时代,电力和其他商品一样属于供不应求,因此不存在营销观念,更谈不上建立市场营销体系。随着我国改革开放国策的逐步深化,社会经济迅速由“短缺”向 “过剩”转换。办电渠道日趋多元化,过去发电不足的矛盾在一定程度上得到了很大的改善,电力也面临着供过于求的压力,在局部地区卖电也逐渐变得困难。加之我国电力体制的重大改革,使用电客户对电力销售企业的供电质量、供电可靠性、销售渠道、售前、售中和售后服务水平提出了更高的要求。但是作为没有形式产品的电力商品如何进行增供促销,供电企业如何树立完整的营销理念,建立营销战略思想和完善的营销组织体系,在市场营销活动中如何进行合理的人力资源配备和资金安排等,都没有比较系统的研究和探讨。
电力行业作为国民经济发展的基础产业,具有浓厚的公益属性,电力产品更是一种特殊的产品,没有形式产品,其主要的附加产品是服务。这些特殊属性,决定了供电企业的市场营销活动意义重大。在新形势下建立一套以市场为导向的营销体系,以市场营销为支撑的企业发展体系,加深营销深度,进一步渗透目标市场,增加营销宽度,加强对替代产品市场的占有,提高供电服务水平和服务深度,增强电力产品的市场竞争能力,直接关系到国民经济发展速度快慢和人民生活水平高低。
本文运用市场营销学、战略管理的相关理论,从对电力营销现状、存在问题和特征的了解入手,通过对电力市场宏观环境和电力市场主体的分析,对电力营销目标市场进行细分,确立了电力营销目标市场并进行定位,进而提出了电力营销成本领先、市场渗透的战略选择,在战略选择的基础上重点对电力市场营销策略进行了研究,提出了实施营销战略和各项策略必备的组织、保障措施,对实施中可能出现的问题进行预测并提出相关对策,从而初步形成一套电力市场营销体系,以指导供电企业的电力营销工作,提高增供促销水平。
关键词:电力企业 电力市场 营销战略
The Research On The Market Strategy Of
Electric Power Companies
Graduate Student:Wang Zhenhua Supervisor:Prof.Li Wei
Abstract
In the shortage period, electric power was undersupply like other merchandises. Nobody had marketing concept, let alone establish marketing system. With the development of Chinese reform, the social economy has developed from shortage to surplus. The marketing channels have been diversified which solved the problem of undersupply. But now the electric power industry is facing oversupply problem and even in some areas, power can’t find enough market. With the development of electric power industry reform, the customers are showing more demands in power quality, reliability, convenience and the whole process of service. However, as an invisible product, there is still no systematic research about its strategy, organizational structure and its HRM. No more are its promotion, marketing concept establishment and the capital arrangement.
The electric power industry is a foundation industry of national economy which is tied with features of public utilities. Power is a special and invisible product and its most additional product is service. This unique feature shows that marketing activities is quite important. Under the new situation, marketing and company development system based on market oriented, deepening market permeation on objective market, widening occupying substitute-goods market, improving service level, increasing market competitive ability, which are great effecting the national economy and people’s living standard.
This paper applies the theories related to marketing and strategic management. According to the present situation of power marketing, its problems and features, the paper segments the electric power market by analyzing the electric power macroenvironment and its major body. Then the paper puts forward cost advantage, marketing permeation. And based on those strategies, the paper pays more attentions to marketing tactics. Then the author offered related measures to carry out the marketing strategic tactics. Of course for the problems which may appear, the author also gave related resolutions. In the end, the paper forms a set of sketch of electric power marketing system which guide company marketing and improve service levels.
Key words: electric power company electric power market marketing strategy
目 录
前言.................................................(1)
第一部分 电力营销现状...............................(3)
1.1电力管理模式..............................(3)
1.2电力生产经营模式..........................(4)
1.2.1电力生产模式.................................(4)
1.2.2电力销售模式.................................(4)
1.3电力营销管理模式..............................(5)
1.4电力营销管理概况..........................(5)
第二部分 目前电力营销中存在的问题...................(6)
2.1 产品问题......................................(6)
2.2 渠道问题......................................(7)
2.2.1 渠道单一....................................(7)
2.2.2 渠道不畅....................................(7)
2.3 价格问题......................................(7)
2.3.1 电价分类不科学...............................(8)
2.3.2 电价分类繁琐................................(8)
2.3.3 峰谷、丰枯电价制订缺乏科学依据.................(8)
2.3.4 居民生活“一户一表”优惠电价对家庭客户的调剂作用还不太明显....................................................(8)
2.4 电费收缴问题.................................(9)
2.4.1 缴费方式单一................................(9)
2.4.2 电费收取难度大..............................(10)
2.5 服务问题.....................................(12)
2.5.1 个别供电职工服务意识不到位,服务观念淡薄........(12)
2.5.2 营销管理技术落后,设备陈旧,手段单一...........(13)
2.5.3 内部管理尚待进一步理顺.......................(13)
第三部分 电力营销的特征.............................(14)
3.1 电能的生产、输送、分配以及转换为其他形式能量的过程是瞬间同时的..........................................(14)
3.2 电力生产是高度集中的、统一的.................(15)
3.3 电能使用最方便,适用性最广泛.................(15)
3.4 过渡过程相当迅速.............................(15)
3.5 电力生产销售在国民经济发展中具有先行性.......(16)
3.6 客户是通过电气设备间接消费电力...............(16)
第四部分 电力营销市场分析..........................(16)
4.1 宏观环境分析.................................(17)
4.1.1 政策影响...................................(17)
4.1.2 经济影响...................................(18)
4.1.3 文化影响...................................(19)
4.2 电力市场主体分析.............................(20)
4.2.1 供应者.....................................(20)
4.2.2 消费者.....................................(20)
4.2.3 市场管理者.................................(22)
4.2.4 市场竞争者.................................(22)
4.2.5 企业自身分析...............................(23)
4.2.6 SWOT分析.................................(28)
第五部分 目标市场..................................(34)
5.1 目标市场细分.................................(34)
5.1.1按行业类别细分的市场.........................(34)
5.1.2 按市场存在形式细分的市场.....................(34)
5.1.3 按电价类别细分的市场.........................(34)
5.1.4 按市场质量细分的市场.........................(35)
5.1.5 按占领市场的难易程度细分的市场................(35)
5.1.6按使用电力的产品细分的市场....................(35)
5.2目标市场的确立................................(35)
5.2.1 效益目标市场................................(35)
5.2.2结构目标市场................................(37)
5.2.3公益目标市场................................(37)
5.3 目标市场定位.................................(37)
5.3.1 效益目标市场定位............................(37)
5.3.2 结构目标市场定位............................(38)
5.3.3 公益目标市场定位............................(38)
第六部分 战略选择..................................(39)
6.1基本战略——成本领先战略.....................(39)
6.1.1 采购质优价廉的电力产品.......................(39)
6.1.2 努力减少电力在途损耗........................(39)
6.1.3 全力降低管理成本............................(39)
6.1.4 强化“反窃电”工作,挽回窃电损失..............(40)
6.1.5加大对违约用电行为的打击力度..................(40)
6.1.6采取一切可用的办法努力回收电费................(40)
6.2 辅助战略——市场渗透战略.....................(40)
6.2.1 安索夫矩阵分析...............................(41)
6.2.2家庭渗透...................................(42)
6.2.3 渗透天然气、煤炭的市场领域...................(43)
第七部分 营销策略..................................(43)
7.1 价格策略.....................................(43)
7.2 产品策略.....................................(44)
7.2.1单一的产品.................................(44)
7.2.2进一步提高电压合格率,减少谐波影响............(44)
7.3 渠道策略....................................(44)
7.3.1 加快输配电网改造,提高电网安全稳定水平和供电可靠性(44)
7.3.2 加快农网改造,开辟农村电力市场................(45)
7.4 促销策略.....................................(45)
7.4.1 公关促销...................................(45)
7.4.2 消费者教育.................................(46)
7.4.3 中间商公关.................................(46)
7.4.4 广告促销...................................(47)
7.5 电费回收策略..................................(47)
7.5.1 建立内部物资市场,加大实物抵抹电费的力度........(48)
7.5.2 加强呆坏帐管理,强化呆坏帐的预防措施和补救措施...(48)
7.5.3 加强与各级政府部门的联系,取得当地政府的理解和支持(48)
7.5.4 发动前所未有的宣传攻势........................(48)
7.5.5 发扬“三千”精神,采取一切有效手段回收电费......(48)
7.6服务营销.....................................(49)
7.6.1深入做好优质服务工作........................(49)
7.6.2建立线路、变电检修责任人制度.................(50)
7.6.3成立停送电协调办公室........................(50)
7.6.4主动参与家用电器的普及推广...................(50)
7.6.5充分利用供电线路杆、塔分布面广的优势...........(51)
7.6.6积极参与城市亮化工程.........................(51)
7.6.7搞好电气化小区建设..........................(51)
第八部分 组织保障措施.............................(51)
8.1 组织保障....................................(51)
8.1.1 成立客户服务中心...........................(51)
8.1.2 建立Callcenter(呼叫中心)...................(52)
8.2 人力资源保障.................................(53)
8.3 财务预算.....................................(54)
第九部分 实施中可能出现的问题及对策...............(54)
9.1 降低电价的压力...............................(54)
9.2 电能质量的问题...............................(55)
9.3 营销资金的问题...............................(55)
9.4 改革不彻底的可能.............................(55)
结束语..............................................(56)
致谢................................................(57)
参考文献............................................(58)
附表................................................(60)
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